Technology

Phones Could Track the Spread of Covid-19. Is It a Good Idea?

China and South Korea used smartphone apps to monitor people with the disease. But Americans have different views of privacy and data collection.

In 2011, two scientists at Cambridge University in the UK devised a clever way to measure and model the spread of the flu an app called FluPhone that used Bluetooth and other wireless signals as a proxy for interactions between people and asked users to report flu-like symptoms.

If you’d had lunch with someone who later got sick, FluPhone would let you know. Besides slowing the spread of the flu, the app promised to help health authorities monitor and model the spread of influenza. FluPhone made headlines and the front page of the BBC website at the time. But in the end fewer than 1 percent of people in Cambridge signed up to use it.

As the deadly Covid-19 respiratory virus stalks the US, some techies suggest using smartphones to track and report transmissions. The idea raises many questions, including how well such a system would actually work, whether it might sow unnecessary alarm or confusion, and whether such tools might enable unwanted corporate or government surveillance.

The creators of FluPhone, Jon Crowcroft and Eiko Yoneki, certainly believe an app like theirs could help fight the coronavirus.

“The health protection agencies could use it to populate anonymized map data,” which might help reduce transmission, Crowcroft says. He says an app would also help researchers learn “how long the virus survives on a surface, what fraction of the population are asymptomatic carriers, and where to target critical medical resources.”

Inspired by the way China and South Korea apparently used smartphones to slow the spread of Covid-19, some US technologists have begun working on tracking apps. An open source project called CoEpi sprang up in February to develop an app with similar functionality to FluPhone. Ramesh Raskar, a professor at the MIT Media Lab, and colleagues are developing an app that would let people log their movements and compare them with those of known coronavirus patients, using redacted data supplied by the state or national public health departments. Over time, users would be asked whether they are infected, providing a way to identify potential transmissions in a similar way to FluPhone. The team released a prototype for testing on Friday.

Raskar has been rallying other researchers and tech executives to the effort, and he has been in contact with the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Health and Human Services. “They are giving us guidance on what will work,” he says, although none has yet endorsed the idea.

Stefan Germann, CEO of the Botnar Foundation, a Swiss organization focused on health and child welfare, has been advising Raskar. He says the proposed app “has strong potential” but should be tested in a single “sandbox” city first. “It is important to respond fast, but not to rush efforts,” he says.

Others suggest similar technology be added to smartphones by default. An open letter signed by several dozen prominent technologists, executives, and clinicians, posted on Tuesday, called on the tech industry to do more to combat the coronavirus. Among other things, the group recommended that Apple and Google update their smartphone software to make it possible to track contact between people, providing users grant permission. Apple and Google did not return requests for comment.

“If such a feature could be built before SARS-CoV-2 is ubiquitous, it could prevent many people from being exposed,” the letter suggests. “In the longer term, such infrastructure could allow future disease epidemics to be more reliably contained, and make large scale contact tracing of the sort that has worked in China and [South] Korea, feasible everywhere.”

Peter Eckersley, a distinguished technology fellow at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and a signer of the letter, says it should be possible to implement such a system without establishing a national database that could enable government surveillance. “The checks could happen privately on your own phone” or with advanced security software, he says.

The Covid-19 outbreak is rapidly inspiring new approaches to scientific research, disease detection, and drug development. Smartphone surveillance might seem like a good solution to tracking the spread, but it is far from guaranteed to work. And it might do more harm than good.

For one thing, the nature of Covid-19 transmission suggests an app might only provide a very crude picture of the spread. A phone is typically able to determine its position with an accuracy between 7 and 13 meters in urban areas, according to a study published last year, and accuracy may often be less precise. The Covid-19 virus seems to spread between people who are within a few feet of each other.

“It might not be that easy to get it to work properly,” says Hannah Fry, an associate professor at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at University College London in the UK. “It’s not as simple as ‘Have you crossed paths with someone who has the virus.’ You can sit within a few meters of someone and not be at risk. Meanwhile it looks like you can come into contact with a train seat previously occupied by someone with the virus many hours earlier and be at risk.”

Incorrect information might encourage risky behavior by giving people a false sense of security, Fry says, perhaps prompting people who believe they are safe to visit elderly relatives.

Beyond this, it may be challenging to get people to report their infectious status reliably or to overcome concerns over privacy. And at least 20 percent of a population would need to contribute for such an app to be effective for modeling a disease and predicting its spread.

“These are nontrivial questions that will make a big difference to the effectiveness of such a system and the potential panic it might spread,” Fry says.

So far, the US government is not aiding efforts to develop virus-tracking technology. The White House held a meeting with tech companies this week to encourage them to help in the fight against the coronavirus. A spokesperson says the idea of smartphone tracking or apps did not come up.

Government use of coronavirus-related apps in China and South Korea have not been entirely positive.

In South Korea, the authorities have sent out texts detailing the movements of specific people infected with Covid-19, stirring up public shaming and rumor-mongering. The government is also using a smartphone app to ensure people stay home when they have been ordered to quarantine themselves.

The ubiquitous Chinese apps WeChat and AliPay have been used to assign people “color codes” to determine whether they should quarantine themselves or may move around freely. But some citizens say the codes appear to be applied arbitrarily or based on which province they are in. There is also evidence the apps feed data back to the authorities.

But many seem to think privacy challenges, and other limitations, can be overcome. “I still think it’s worth a try,” says Fry of UCL. “The data is there, and it could make a big positive difference if they could get it to work.”

Even collecting data scrubbed of personal information and precise location might be useful. “I think that self-reporting illness through the internet or on your phone is very useful for getting a proper picture of what is going on,” says John Edmunds, a professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical medicine, who worked on FluPhone and also helped develop Influenzanet, an online system for voluntary reporting of flu-like symptoms used by tens of thousands of people in 10 countries. Edmunds says Influenzanet has helped health experts better understand the spread of the disease and an individual’s risk factors.

Eckersley of the EFF acknowledges the shortcomings of the Chinese and South Korean approaches. He also agrees that smartphone tracking would only work in combination with careful social distancing. But he believes the endeavor is worth it given the severity of the situation, and he calls for industry to help. “It’s really worth a try,” he says. “And only the tech companies can make that happen.”

Source
wired

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